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              <p>Understanding societal conceptions of death presents a unique challenge to prehistorians because they cannot witness first-hand the funerary practices that interest them. Rather, they are limited to studying the physical traces left behind by such practices. However, we wish to move beyond description towards interpretation, because what interests us is not simply the individual practices (or even sets of practices), but the system that unifies them and imbues them with meaning. To unravel these systems, it is important to bear in mind that not all of the acts documented in the material record were obligatory. While there is the “devoir-faire” (what must be done), there also exists the “pouvoir-faire” (what can be done). The archaeologist must carefully categorize these practices: identify their frequency (from what is never done to what is always done), as well as make correlations among the essential elements of the burial. The obvious difficulty emerges when it is time to connect the archaeological interpretation to the reality of the original funerary practices. We explore three approaches that are drawn from our individual research. The definition of the norm within a given region leads us to question more closely the criteria by which groups are defined. Next, we explore the range of variability that can be reasonably expected within a single group. Finally, we examine the degree to which norms either remain stable or change through time, as well as the interactions between funerary practices and other aspects of the society.</p>
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              <p>Pour aborder le discours des hommes sur la mort, le préhistorien est réduit à traquer des gestes réalisés autour des morts qu’il découvre: afin d’éviter toute surinterprétation, nous les appelons pratiques, les « pratiques funéraires ». Or, ce que nous souhaitons, c’est passer de la description à l’interprétation. Car ce qui a un sens, une logique, ce n’est pas un geste ou une collection de gestes, mais un système. Cependant, pour décoder un tel système, il faut d’abord être conscient que les gestes ne relèvent pas tous de l’obligation: à côté du « devoir-faire », la norme, il existe un « pouvoirfaire », ce qui est laissé à l’appréciation des exécutants. Sur le plan archéologique, il faut patiemment ordonner les pratiques: identifier leur récurrence, de jamais à toujours, ainsi que les corrélations entre les éléments constitutifs de la tombe. La difficulté consiste évidemment à passer de la dimension archéologique à la dimension funéraire initiale. À partir d’exemples tirés de nos recherches individuelles, nous avons exploré trois directions. La définition de la norme dans un espace géographique nous a conduits à nous interroger sur les critères qui définissent nos ensembles. Au sein d’un ensemble défini, nous avons questionné la valeur que l’on doit accorder aux variations. Enfin, sur le plan diachronique, nous nous sommes penchés sur la permanence de la norme ou son changement, et donc sur les interactions entre la norme funéraire et les autres pans des activités sociales.</p>
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